*args and **kwargs in Python – Explained Clearly for Beginners & Professionals

Introduction: Why *args and **kwargs Matter in Python

When writing Python functions, you often don’t know how many inputs a function will receive. Hard-coding parameters limits flexibility and scalability.

This is where *args and **kwargs in Python become extremely powerful.

They allow you to:

• Accept unlimited arguments
• Write cleaner, reusable functions
• Build flexible APIs and utility methods
• Follow professional Python coding practices

This guide explains what *args and **kwargs are, when to use them, how to combine them, and real-world use cases, all in simple language.

What Is *args in Python?

*args allows a function to accept any number of positional arguments.

Internally, Python stores them as a tuple.

Example:

def calculate_total(*values):
    total = sum(values)
    print(total)

calculate_total(5, 10, 15)

Output:

30

Key Points:

• *args is a convention (name can be anything)
• Collects extra positional arguments
• Stored as a tuple
• Order matters

Use *args when the number of inputs is unknown.

When Should You Use *args?

Use *args when:

• You don’t know how many values users will pass
• Creating utility functions (sum, max, average)
• Handling dynamic data inputs

Example:

def get_max(*nums):
    print(max(nums))

get_max(4, 9, 2, 7)

What Is **kwargs in Python?

**kwargs allows a function to accept any number of keyword (named) arguments.

Python stores them as a dictionary.

Example:

def display_info(**details):
    for key, value in details.items():
        print(f"{key}: {value}")

display_info(name="Alice", age=25, country="India")

Output:

name: Alice
age: 25
country: India

Key Points:

• **kwargs is also a convention
• Collects named arguments
• Stored as a dictionary
• Order doesn’t matter

Use **kwargs when arguments need labels or configuration options.

When Should You Use **kwargs?

Use **kwargs when:

• Function settings vary
• You want readable and descriptive inputs
• Passing configuration, metadata, or optional values

Using *args and `**kwargs Together

Python allows you to combine required arguments, *args, and **kwargs in one function.

Correct Order:

def show_details(a, *args, **kwargs):
    print("First argument:", a)
    print("Additional positional arguments:", args)
    print("Keyword arguments:", kwargs)

show_details(1, 2, 3, 4, name="Alice", age=25)

Output:

First argument: 1
Additional positional arguments: (2, 3, 4)
Keyword arguments: {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25}

Why This Is Powerful

• Handles dynamic inputs
• Used in frameworks, APIs, decorators
• Makes functions future-proof

Real-World Use Cases of *args & **kwargs

✔ API development
✔ Framework design (Flask, Django, FastAPI)
✔ Logging utilities
✔ Data processing pipelines
✔ Wrapper and decorator functions

Senior Python developers use these daily.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Using wrong order (**kwargs before *args)
Treating args as list (it’s a tuple)
Forgetting that kwargs must be named

Final Thoughts

If you want to:

• Write clean Python code
• Build scalable applications
• Understand advanced Python concepts
• Move toward senior-level Python development

Then mastering *args and **kwargs is non-negotiable.

They turn rigid functions into flexible, professional-grade tools.